伤愚溪三首
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唐代]：刘禹锡
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故人柳子厚之谪永州，得胜地，结茅树蔬，为沼沚，为台榭，目曰愚溪。柳子没三年，有僧游零陵，告余曰：“愚溪无复曩时矣！”一闻僧言，悲不能自胜，遂以所闻为七言以寄恨。
溪水悠悠春自来，草堂无主燕飞回。
隔帘唯见中庭草，一树山榴依旧开。
草圣数行留坏壁，木奴千树属邻家。
唯见里门通德榜，残阳寂寞出樵车。
柳门竹巷依依在，野草青苔日日多。
纵有邻人解吹笛，山阳旧侣更谁过？
伤愚溪三首译文及注释
译文
我的老朋友柳宗元谪居永州，得了一块好地方，在那里建造房屋，种植蔬菜，筑造了池塘小洲，建起了亭台楼榭，命名为愚溪。柳子死后三年，有一个僧人云游零陵，告诉我说：“愚溪再也不像从前的样子了。”一听到僧人这话，我无法抑制自己的悲痛，就把听到的情况写成七言诗，以表哀悼。
溪水悠悠地流着，春天自然来了，草堂已经没有主人，燕子还是飞回。
隔着帘子，只看到庭中长满野草，那一树山榴花，依旧烂熳地盛开。
草圣似的几行草书还留在断墙残壁上，当年手植的千株柑树已经属于邻家。
只看见里门上仍是当年那块通德匾，但是只有柴车寂寞地出入在斜阳下。
当年的柴门和竹篱还依依存在，野草和青苔却一天天增多。
现在纵使邻居有人懂得吹笛，但老朋友谁能在从这里经过？
注释
愚溪：原名冉溪，柳宗元谪居永州（治今湖南零陵）时更名为“愚溪”。
柳子厚：即柳宗元，子厚是柳宗元的字。谪：指官吏降级，调往边远地方。
结茅树蔬：建造茅屋，种植蔬菜。
为：筑造。沼：小池塘。沚（zhǐ）：水中的小洲。
目曰愚溪：取名叫愚溪。
无复曩（nǎng）时：不如过去。曩，从前的，过去的。
胜（shēng）：禁得起。
恨：憾。这里指伤悼之意。
悠悠：悠闲自在。
草堂无主：指柳宗元已去世。
中庭：庭中。
山榴：山石榴，又名杜鹃花、映山红。
草圣：东汉张芝善草书，人称”草圣“。此处指柳宗元的墨迹，柳宗元是书法家，善章草。
木奴：柑橘树的别称。
里门通德榜：东汉孔融为北海相，十分敬仰郑玄，命高密县为他专门设郑公乡，并将里巷的大门修得很高，使得较高的车马也能通过，号为通德门。此喻指柳宗元故居里门。
樵车：柴车。
山阳：汉代县名，在今太行山之南。东汉建安二十五年（220年），曹丕废汉献帝为山阳公，即在此地。
参考资料：
1、梁守中．刘禹锡诗文选译．成都：巴蜀书社，1990：32-35
2、吴在庆 编选．刘禹锡集．南京：凤凰出版社，2014：113-115
伤愚溪三首创作背景
柳宗元被贬为永州司马后，先住在城南龙兴寺，后在河西愚溪旁筑草堂为家。愚溪原名冉溪，又称染溪，柳宗元仿愚公谷之名，改溪名为愚溪。随着时光的流逝，柳宗元去世，他所建置的愚溪景物已不是过去那个样子了。刘禹锡听到这些消息，悲伤不已，于是写下这三首诗来派遣心中的悲伤。
参考资料：
1、梁守中．刘禹锡诗文选译．成都：巴蜀书社，1990：32-35
2、编选．刘禹锡集．南京：凤凰出版社，2014：113-115
伤愚溪三首鉴赏
诗前小序，一是概括了柳宗元居愚溪的情况，点出“结第树蔬，为沼沚，为台榭”的特征，与八愚胜景相吻合；二是说明写诗的原因，听说愚溪草堂已不像过去的样子，故“悲不能自胜”，写诗以寄恨。
第一首诗从愚溪、草堂下笔，溪水悠悠，芳草萋萋，春来燕回，主人已去，引起无限伤感。满树鲜艳的山榴花开得正旺，对柳宗元的怀念之情油然而生。
第二首诗先写柳宗元的遗书、遗物，睹物思人，使人回想柳宗元的生平。接着笔锋一转，由物及人，借孔融表彰郑玄立通德门之事，赞扬柳宗元的学问、德行。结尾以夕阳之下寂寞过往的樵车，来反衬草堂的凄凉，不平之气隐含其中。
第三首写草堂风光，柳树团团，竹林青翠，而草堂的野草青苔因主人离去而日渐增多，显得更为荒凉。后面用典，借西晋正始年间（240～249）向秀与嵇康的交情来抒发心中的怅恨，指出：即使邻人善于吹笛，又有谁能够经过愚溪草堂，像向秀那样感笛声而写出新的《思旧赋》呢？
这三首诗都着眼于一个“伤”字，哀伤住过愚溪的挚友旧侣。诗中所咏景物多是与柳宗元有关的旧物，其最明显的表现手法是借景抒情，情从景出，风格显得极为蕴藉缠绵深厚。
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厉鹗《
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齐天乐·吴山望隔江霁雪》
刘禹锡简介
唐代·刘禹锡的简介
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刘禹锡（772－842），字梦得，汉族，中国唐朝彭城（今徐州）人，祖籍洛阳，唐朝文学家，哲学家，自称是汉中山靖王后裔，曾任监察御史，是王叔文政治改革集团的一员。唐代中晚期著名诗人，有“诗豪”之称。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门第。政治上主张革新，是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。后来永贞革新失败被贬为朗州司马（今湖南常德）。据湖南常德历史学家、收藏家周新国先生考证刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马其间写了著名的“汉寿城春望”。
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