伤愚溪三首
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唐代]:刘禹锡
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故人柳子厚之谪永州,得胜地,结茅树蔬,为沼沚,为台榭,目曰愚溪。柳子没三年,有僧游零陵,告余曰:“愚溪无复曩时矣!”一闻僧言,悲不能自胜,遂以所闻为七言以寄恨。
溪水悠悠春自来,草堂无主燕飞回。
隔帘唯见中庭草,一树山榴依旧开。
草圣数行留坏壁,木奴千树属邻家。
唯见里门通德榜,残阳寂寞出樵车。
柳门竹巷依依在,野草青苔日日多。
纵有邻人解吹笛,山阳旧侣更谁过?
伤愚溪三首译文及注释
译文
我的老朋友柳宗元谪居永州,得了一块好地方,在那里建造房屋,种植蔬菜,筑造了池塘小洲,建起了亭台楼榭,命名为愚溪。柳子死后三年,有一个僧人云游零陵,告诉我说:“愚溪再也不像从前的样子了。”一听到僧人这话,我无法抑制自己的悲痛,就把听到的情况写成七言诗,以表哀悼。
溪水悠悠地流着,春天自然来了,草堂已经没有主人,燕子还是飞回。
隔着帘子,只看到庭中长满野草,那一树山榴花,依旧烂熳地盛开。
草圣似的几行草书还留在断墙残壁上,当年手植的千株柑树已经属于邻家。
只看见里门上仍是当年那块通德匾,但是只有柴车寂寞地出入在斜阳下。
当年的柴门和竹篱还依依存在,野草和青苔却一天天增多。
现在纵使邻居有人懂得吹笛,但老朋友谁能在从这里经过?
注释
愚溪:原名冉溪,柳宗元谪居永州(治今湖南零陵)时更名为“愚溪”。
柳子厚:即柳宗元,子厚是柳宗元的字。谪:指官吏降级,调往边远地方。
结茅树蔬:建造茅屋,种植蔬菜。
为:筑造。沼:小池塘。沚(zhǐ):水中的小洲。
目曰愚溪:取名叫愚溪。
无复曩(nǎng)时:不如过去。曩,从前的,过去的。
胜(shēng):禁得起。
恨:憾。这里指伤悼之意。
悠悠:悠闲自在。
草堂无主:指柳宗元已去世。
中庭:庭中。
山榴:山石榴,又名杜鹃花、映山红。
草圣:东汉张芝善草书,人称”草圣“。此处指柳宗元的墨迹,柳宗元是书法家,善章草。
木奴:柑橘树的别称。
里门通德榜:东汉孔融为北海相,十分敬仰郑玄,命高密县为他专门设郑公乡,并将里巷的大门修得很高,使得较高的车马也能通过,号为通德门。此喻指柳宗元故居里门。
樵车:柴车。
山阳:汉代县名,在今太行山之南。东汉建安二十五年(220年),曹丕废汉献帝为山阳公,即在此地。
参考资料:
1、梁守中.刘禹锡诗文选译.成都:巴蜀书社,1990:32-35
2、吴在庆 编选.刘禹锡集.南京:凤凰出版社,2014:113-115
伤愚溪三首创作背景
柳宗元被贬为永州司马后,先住在城南龙兴寺,后在河西愚溪旁筑草堂为家。愚溪原名冉溪,又称染溪,柳宗元仿愚公谷之名,改溪名为愚溪。随着时光的流逝,柳宗元去世,他所建置的愚溪景物已不是过去那个样子了。刘禹锡听到这些消息,悲伤不已,于是写下这三首诗来派遣心中的悲伤。
参考资料:
1、梁守中.刘禹锡诗文选译.成都:巴蜀书社,1990:32-35
2、编选.刘禹锡集.南京:凤凰出版社,2014:113-115
伤愚溪三首鉴赏
诗前小序,一是概括了柳宗元居愚溪的情况,点出“结第树蔬,为沼沚,为台榭”的特征,与八愚胜景相吻合;二是说明写诗的原因,听说愚溪草堂已不像过去的样子,故“悲不能自胜”,写诗以寄恨。
第一首诗从愚溪、草堂下笔,溪水悠悠,芳草萋萋,春来燕回,主人已去,引起无限伤感。满树鲜艳的山榴花开得正旺,对柳宗元的怀念之情油然而生。
第二首诗先写柳宗元的遗书、遗物,睹物思人,使人回想柳宗元的生平。接着笔锋一转,由物及人,借孔融表彰郑玄立通德门之事,赞扬柳宗元的学问、德行。结尾以夕阳之下寂寞过往的樵车,来反衬草堂的凄凉,不平之气隐含其中。
第三首写草堂风光,柳树团团,竹林青翠,而草堂的野草青苔因主人离去而日渐增多,显得更为荒凉。后面用典,借西晋正始年间(240~249)向秀与嵇康的交情来抒发心中的怅恨,指出:即使邻人善于吹笛,又有谁能够经过愚溪草堂,像向秀那样感笛声而写出新的《思旧赋》呢?
这三首诗都着眼于一个“伤”字,哀伤住过愚溪的挚友旧侣。诗中所咏景物多是与柳宗元有关的旧物,其最明显的表现手法是借景抒情,情从景出,风格显得极为蕴藉缠绵深厚。
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厉鹗《
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刘禹锡简介
唐代·刘禹锡的简介
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刘禹锡(772-842),字梦得,汉族,中国唐朝彭城(今徐州)人,祖籍洛阳,唐朝文学家,哲学家,自称是汉中山靖王后裔,曾任监察御史,是王叔文政治改革集团的一员。唐代中晚期著名诗人,有“诗豪”之称。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门第。政治上主张革新,是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。后来永贞革新失败被贬为朗州司马(今湖南常德)。据湖南常德历史学家、收藏家周新国先生考证刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马其间写了著名的“汉寿城春望”。
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