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咏怀古迹五首·其二

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唐代
]:杜甫


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摇落深知宋玉悲,风流儒雅亦吾师。

怅望千秋一洒泪,萧条异代不同时。

江山故宅空文藻,云雨荒台岂梦思。

最是楚宫俱泯灭,舟人指点到今疑。

咏怀古迹五首·其二译文及注释

译文

落叶飘零是深知宋玉的悲哀,他的风流儒雅堪当我的老师。

怅望千秋往事洒下同情泪水,身世同样凄凉可惜生不同时。

江山依旧故宅犹在空留文藻,云雨荒台难道真是荒唐梦思。

最可叹楚王宫殿早荡然无存,驾船人还指点遗迹让人生疑。

注释

摇落:凋残,零落。

风流儒雅:指宋玉文采华丽潇洒,学养深厚渊博。

“萧条”句:意谓自己虽与宋玉隔开几代,萧条之感却是相同。

故宅:江陵和归州 (秭归) 均有宋玉宅,此指秭归之宅。空文藻:斯人已去,只有诗赋留传下来。

云雨荒台:宋玉在《高唐赋》中述楚之“先王”游高唐,梦一妇人,自称巫山之女,临别时说:“妾在巫山之阳,高丘之岨,旦为行云,暮为行雨,朝朝暮暮,阳台之下。”阳台,山名,在今重庆市巫山县。

“最是”两句:意谓最感慨的是,楚宫今已泯灭,因后世一直流传这个故事,至今船只经过时,舟人还带疑似的口吻指点着这些古迹。楚宫:楚王宫。

参考资料:

1、萧涤非.杜甫诗选注.北京:人民文学出版社,1998:252-256

2、蘅塘退士 等.唐诗三百首·宋词三百首·元曲三百首.北京:华文出版社,2009:156-158

3、张国举.唐诗精华注译评.长春:长春出版社,2010:325-327

咏怀古迹五首·其二创作背景

  这组诗是咏古迹怀古人进而感怀自己的作品。作者于唐代宗大历元年(766年)从夔州出三峡,到江陵,先后游历了宋玉宅、庾信古居、昭君村、永安宫、先主庙、武侯祠等古迹,对于古代的才士、国色、英雄、名相,深表崇敬,写下了《咏怀古迹五首》,以抒情怀。

参考资料:

1、萧涤非.杜甫诗选注.北京:人民文学出版社,1998:252-256

2、萧涤非 等.唐诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1983:575-580

咏怀古迹五首·其二鉴赏

  第二首是推崇楚国著名辞赋作家宋玉的诗。诗是作者亲临实地凭吊后写成的,因而体会深切,议论精辟,发人深省。诗中的草木摇落,景物萧条,江山云雨,故宅荒台,舟人指点的情景,都是诗人触景生情,所抒发出来的感慨。它把历史陈迹和诗人哀伤交融在一起,深刻地表现了主题。诗人瞻仰宋玉旧宅怀念宋玉,从而联想到自己的身世,诗中表现了诗人对宋玉的崇拜,并为宋玉死后被人曲解而鸣不平。全诗铸词溶典,精警切实。有人认为,杜甫之“怀宋玉,所以悼屈原;悼屈原者,所以自悼也”。这种说法自有见地。

  宋玉的《高唐赋》、《神女赋》写楚襄王和巫山神女梦中欢会故事,因而传为巫山佳话。又相传在江陵有宋玉故宅。所以杜甫暮年出蜀,过巫峡,至江陵,不禁怀念楚国这位作家,勾起身世遭遇的同情和悲慨。在杜甫看来,宋玉既是词人,更是志士。而他生前身后却都只被视为词人,其政治上失志不遇,则遭误解,至于曲解。这是宋玉一生遭遇最可悲哀处,也是杜甫自己一生遭遇最为伤心处。这诗便是诗人瞩目江山,怅望古迹,吊宋玉,抒己怀;以千古知音写不遇之悲,体验深切;于精警议论见山光天色,艺术独到。

  杜甫到江陵的时候是秋天。宋玉名篇《九辩》正以悲秋发端:“悲哉秋之为气也,萧瑟兮草木摇落而变衰。”杜甫当时正是产生悲秋之情,因而便借以兴起本诗,简洁而深切地表示对宋玉的了解、同情和尊敬,同时又点出了时节天气。“风流儒雅”是庾信《枯树赋》中形容东晋名士兼志士殷仲文的成语,这里借以强调宋玉主要是一位政治上有抱负的志士。“亦吾师”用的是王逸的说法:“宋玉者,屈原弟子也。闵惜其师忠而被逐,故作《九辩》以述其志。”这里借以表示杜甫自己也可算作师承宋玉,同时表明这首诗旨意也在闵惜宋玉,“以述其志”。所以次联接着就说明诗人自己虽与宋玉相距久远,不同朝代,不同时代,但萧条不遇,惆怅失志,其实相同。因而望其遗迹,想其一生,不禁悲慨落泪。

  诗的前半感慨宋玉生前怀才不遇,后半则为其身后不平。这片大好江山里,还保存着宋玉故宅,世人总算没有遗忘他。但人们只欣赏他的文采辞藻,并不了解他的志向抱负和创作精神。这不符宋玉本心,也无补于后世,令人惘然,所以用了“空”字。就像眼前这巫山巫峡,使诗人想起宋玉的两篇赋文。赋文的故事题材虽属荒诞梦想,但作家的用意却在讽谏君主淫惑。然而世人只把它看作荒诞梦想,欣赏风流艳事。这更从误解而曲解,使有益作品阉割成荒诞故事,把有志之士歪曲为无谓词人。这一切,使宋玉含屈,令杜甫伤心。而最为叫人痛心的是,随着历史变迁,岁月消逝,楚国早已荡然无存,人们不再关心它的兴亡,也更不了解宋玉的志向抱负和创作精神,以至将曲解当史实,以讹传讹,以讹为是。到如今,江船经过巫山巫峡,船夫们津津有味,指指点点,谈论着哪个山峰荒台是楚王神女欢会处,哪片云雨是神女来临时。词人宋玉不灭,志士宋玉不存,生前不获际遇,身后为人曲解。宋玉悲在此,杜甫悲为此。前人说“言古人不可复作,而文采终能传也”,恰好与杜甫的原意相违背。

  体验深切,议论精警,耐人寻味,是这诗的突出特点和成就。但这是一首咏怀古迹诗,诗人亲临实地,亲自凭吊古迹,因而山水风光自然在诗中显露出来。杜甫沿江出蜀,飘泊水上,旅居舟中,年老多病,生计窘迫,境况萧条,情绪悲怆,本来无心欣赏风景,只为宋玉遗迹触发了满怀悲慨,才洒泪赋诗。诗中的草木摇落,景物萧条,江山云雨,故宅荒台,以及舟人指点的情景,都从感慨议论中出来,蒙着历史的迷雾,充满诗人的哀伤,诗人仿佛是泪眼看风景,隐约可见,其实是虚写。从诗歌艺术上看,这样的表现手法富有独创性。它紧密围绕主题,显出古迹特征,却不独立予以描写,而使其溶于议论,化为情境,渲染着这首诗的抒情气氛,增强了咏古的特色。

  这是一首七律,要求谐声律,工对仗。但也由于诗人重在议论,深于思,精于义,伤心为宋玉写照,悲慨抒壮志不酬,因而通篇用赋,在用词和用典上精警切实,不被格律所拘束。它的韵律和谐,对仗工整,写的是律诗这种近体诗,却有古体诗的风味,同时又不失清丽。前人认为这首诗“首二句失粘”,只从形式上进行批评,未必中肯。


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杜甫《
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咏怀古迹五首·其四》


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杜甫《
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咏怀古迹五首·其一》

杜甫简介

唐代·杜甫的简介


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杜甫


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杜甫(712-770),字子美,自号少陵野老,世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等,汉族,河南府巩县(今河南省巩义市)人,唐代伟大的现实主义诗人,杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”,其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”,为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来,杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民,人格高尚,他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来,诗艺精湛,在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇,影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都,后世有杜甫草堂纪念。

...〔 ► 杜甫的诗(1134篇)

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宋代

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晁补之


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莫求致仕且分司,此等刘伶笑妇儿。

投老寸阴如寸玉,从君了事只名痴。


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扃岫为张支使作二首


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宋代

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姜特立


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老去林泉属我,时来轩冕输君。

正好南冥运翼,未用北山移文。


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绝句


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近现代

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胡云飞


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搁足寒山沙,濯足清溪水。水流沙亦流,足背栖鱼子。


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山居二十咏 其十三 双鱼


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宋代

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洪适


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犀角透鱼龙,石肌蕴星斗。亦有无情花,枝头鱼贯柳。


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黄柑


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宋代

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邵伯温


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果山仙果秀天香,处处圆金树树黄。

书后欲题三百颗,满林犹待洞庭霜。


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夜愁光阴易过学问不进记以绝句


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明代

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谢复


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炎天过却复秋天,容易蹉跎又一年。终日客窗愁不撩,短檠随意玩遗编。