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《岐阳三首》原文及意思全解_元好问作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext10.php</b> on line <b>26</b><br /> 怎祝网
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岐阳三首

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金朝
]:元好问


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突骑连营鸟不飞,北风浩浩发阴机。

三秦形胜无今古,千里传闻果是非;

偃蹇鲸鲵人海涸,分明蛇犬铁山围。

穷途老阮无奇策,空望岐阳泪满衣。

百二关河草不横,十年戎马暗秦京。

岐阳西望无来信,陇水东流闻哭声;

野蔓有情萦战骨,残阳何意照空城!

从谁细向苍苍问,争遣蚩尤作五兵?

眈眈九虎护秦关,懦楚孱齐机上看。

禹贡土田推陆海,汉家封徼尽天山。

北风猎猎悲笳发,渭水潇潇战骨寒。

三十六峰长剑在,倚天仙掌惜空闲。

岐阳三首译文及注释

译文

凶猛的敌骑营寨相连,天上的禽鸟也难偷飞;呼号的北风席卷大地,迷茫的天空大雪霏霏。

号称形胜的三秦啊,山河的险要古今未改;千里传来的噩讯啊,怎知道究竟是真是非!

庞大的鲸鲵是那么凶暴——似海的人群尽被吞食;毒蛇和恶狗是那么猖獗——分明像铁山把孤城紧围。

就像是走到穷途的阮籍啊,我面对国难苦无良策——徒然怅望着失陷的岐阳,纷飞的悲泪溅满了裳衣!

号称“百二关河”的三秦啊,如今已不见杂草纵横;十年的战火燃烧在这里,烽烟遮暗了旧时的秦京。

西望着岐阳啊,全没有半点同胞的音信;东流的陇水啊,只听到一片惨痛的哭声!

荒野里,缠绵的蔓草情深意厚,在悄悄萦绕着战士的尸骨;蓝天下,惨淡的残阳究竟为啥,却偏偏照射着死寂的空城?

我能够从什么地方啊,向苍天细细地责问——为何让凶残的蚩尤啊,制造这杀人的刀兵?

遥想当年,九虎猛将们目光炯炯,凛然守卫在巍巍秦关——孱懦的齐楚何曾在眼,直看它好似肥肉在砧!

《禹贡》记述的土田啊,要推那“陆海”最是肥沃;汉朝当年的边界啊,蜿蜒着伸过遥远的天山。

慨叹今日,猎猎的北风呼啸不已,悲壮的胡笳随风远传;潇潇的渭水呜咽难抚,河边的战士尸骨正寒。

空自有华山的三十六峰啊,仍然像长剑屹立——只可惜倚天的雄奇仙掌啊,只落得徒自空闲!

注释

其一

公元1231年(正大八年)正月,蒙古军围岐阳(今陕西凤翔),四月城破。

从这三首诗起,以下大部分是丧乱诗。这些诗,感情真挚,言辞凄切,“悲愤从血性中流出”,因而引起了历代诗人强烈的共鸣。清人赵翼在《题元遗山集》里说:“国家不幸诗家幸,赋到沧桑句便工。”就是指的这一类诗。

三秦:项羽灭秦,分关内地为三,封秦降将章邯为雍王、董翳为翟王、司马欣为塞王,号三秦。

 偃蹇(yǎn jiǎn):傲慢,高盛。

鲸鲵(ní):大鱼。此处比喻蒙古军之暴。

百二关河:秦地险固,二万人足当诸侯百万人(《史记·高祖本纪·苏林注》)。

苍苍:天。

 “眈眈”句:公元1218年(金宣宗兴定二年),置秦关等处九个守御史。

“懦楚”句:以虚弱的齐国楚国比喻金王朝的衰败。

禹贡:《尚书》中的一篇,记叙了我国上古的疆域。

陆海:指地势高平、物产丰饶的地区,古代以陕西为“天下陆海之地”(《汉书·东方朔传》)。

徼(jiǎo):边境,边界。此两句说,关中地势如此雄壮,汉凭它扩大疆土,直至天山,而金竟不能守。

猎猎:风声。

“三十六峰”句:嵩山三十六峰,可以做防堵敌人的屏障。

仙掌:华山有仙掌峰。这两句是说,大好的天然屏障,不予利用,太可惜了。

参考资料:

1、林从龙.元好问和他的诗.郑州市:中州古籍出版社,1984:32-34

2、郑力民译注.古代文史名著选译丛书 元好问诗选译 修订版:凤凰出版社,2011.05:第118-121页

岐阳三首创作背景

  《岐阳》写于金代末年。当时金国面临的强敌是蒙古汗国。成吉思汗于公元1219年七月成吉思汗在距离凤翔不远的今甘肃清水县病死。继承汗位的窝阔台于1231年围攻岐阳,四月城破,作者时任南阳县令,闻变写《岐阳》三首。《岐阳》即写于公元1321年二月前后。

参考资料:

1、蒋学浚.历代爱国诗词鉴赏.北京 :石油工业出版社,2001:182

岐阳三首鉴赏

第一首

  “突骑连营鸟不飞,北风浩浩发阴机”。诗作一开始就渲染出一种阴冷、低沉、压抑的氛围:北风劲吹,强敌压境。诗人似乎看到了生灵涂炭,百姓遭殃,也似乎更深一层看出了社稷倾危,江山难保。突骑:突人对方阵地的精锐骑兵。

  “三秦形胜无古今,千里传闻果是非”。紧承上两句,诗人的这种担忧还是真的表现出来了。在一声反问中引出了自己内心的沉郁隐痛,悲愤、沉痛、失望的心情溢于言表。

  “偃蹇鲸鲵人海涸,分明蛇犬铁山围”。这两句是作者在得知岐阳陷落之后的设想。句中几处地方用了比喻、夸张的手法,表现出入侵者的凶狠、残暴、野蛮,同时也流露出元好问同情老百姓,心忧国难的思想感情。

  “穷途老阮无奇策,空望岐阳泪满衣”。这两句直抒胸臆,悲慨沉痛,语短情长,感人肺腑。

第二首

  “百二关河草不横,十年戎马暗秦京”。元好问身在南阳,却心系失陷的岐阳,写岐阳失陷,又回顾了十年战乱带来的惨状,可谓思绪悠长。“暗”字巧妙渲染出战地暗无天日的场面。

  “岐阳西望无来信,陇水东流闻哭声”。诗句从“望”字生发开去,望中已知音讯断绝,望中如闻陇水呜咽,望中悬想沦陷中的岐阳,从而为下面对岐阳空城的描述作了铺垫。

  “野蔓有情萦战骨,残阳何意照空城”。这两句情感极其低沉悲痛。江淹《恨赋》:“试望平原,蔓草萦骨。”元好问在本诗中加入“有情”二字,使自在生长的野蔓草也变得灵动起来,而且还注入了感情的力度,可谓力透纸背。接下来,面对夕阳残照的空城,作者呼天抢地,责问蒙古军屠城罪行。人们读后,不禁一陲魂颤。

  “从谁细向苍苍问,争遣蚩尤作五兵”。如果说上一句的质问还比较笼统,这一句的质问就落到实处了。诗人责问上苍,痛恨蚩尤,表现出对黎民百姓的深切同情和对惨无人道战争的极端憎恨。

第三首

  “眈眈九虎护秦关,懦楚孱齐机上看”。面对积弱不振的现状,诗人痛苦地反思过去,回顾历史,希望从中找出重振国家的良方妙策。

  “禹贡土田推陆海,汉家封徼尽天山”。这两句和前两句都是描述金朝全盛时的景况。诗人有好几处运用典故,意在说明往日的繁盛与强大。

  “北风猎猎悲笳发,渭水潇潇战骨寒”。猎猎是风吹的声音,潇潇是水流的声音,诗人连用两个象声词,极其形象生动地写出了岐阳城的荒凉与冷清,与往日的繁盛热闹人声鼎沸的景象形成强烈对比。

  “三十六峰长剑在,倚天仙掌惜空闲”。全诗在悲怆的抒写中,陡然引入了对险峻华山的描绘,颇能让人产生几分突兀之感,其实这样写不仅是慨叹由于人为的防备不足,使险要的山川、天然的屏障没有起到应有的作用,而且也隐含着元好问愤愤不平的书生意气。宋玉《大言赋》有“长剑耿耿倚天外”之句,元好问在本诗中以倚天长剑比喻险峻的华山。意在提醒金朝统治者要加强防务,可谓在沉痛中见警策。


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苏轼《
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南乡子·和杨元素时移守密州》


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张籍《
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采莲曲·秋江岸边莲子多》

元好问简介

唐代·元好问的简介


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元好问


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元好问,字裕之,号遗山,太原秀容(今山西忻州)人;系出北魏鲜卑族拓跋氏,元好问过继叔父元格;七岁能诗,十四岁从学郝天挺,六载而业成;兴定五年(1221)进士,不就选;正大元年(1224 ),中博学宏词科,授儒林郎,充国史院编修,历镇平、南阳、内乡县令。八年(1231)秋,受诏入都,除尚书省掾、左司都事,转员外郎;金亡不仕,元宪宗七年卒于获鹿寓舍;工诗文,在金元之际颇负重望;诗词风格沉郁,并多伤时感事之作。其《论诗》绝句三十首在中国文学批评史上颇有地位;作有《遗山集》又名《遗山先生文集》,编有《中州集》。

...〔 ► 元好问的诗(549篇)

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解嘲 其一


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宋代

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李彭


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平生痴绝百无忧,党友相嘲顾虎头。痴黠胸中各相半,要之与我不同流。


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为许氏赠妾


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明代

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皇甫汸


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窈窕一佳人,铅华世绝伦。花因解语艳,山入画眉颦。

宝髻随时广,罗衣逐态新。坐令幽谷里,无夜不生春。


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赠万生


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清代

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屈大均


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寡妇得丹穴,礼抗万乘君。百尺怀清台,煌煌巴水滨。

丈夫无货财,为德将何因。观时得权变,白圭诚智人。


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枯菊


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宋代

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陆游


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翠羽金钱梦已阑,空余残蕊抱枝乾。

纷纷轻薄随流水,黄与姚花一样看。


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婺源三首 其二 李坑


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傅义


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小桥流水忽驰名,似接高邻与有荣。一路却怜青石板,被人压出许多声。


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咏白兔


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明代

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李梦阳


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趯趯来何处,爰爰上玉堂。不因丹灶跃,那睹雪毛香。

昼日行疑月,炎天卧有霜。异时归捣药,莫碍广寒光。