瀑布联句
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唐代]：李忱
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千岩万壑不辞劳，远看方知出处高。——黄檗
溪涧岂能留得住，终归大海作波涛。——李忱
瀑布联句创作背景
唐宣宗曾经遁迹山林为僧。有一次与香严闲禅师同行。禅师说他吟诵瀑布得到一联诗，但后面的接不上了。宣宗愿意续成。于是禅师说出前两句，宣宗续出后两句，合成了一首气势磅礴、富于激情的千古名诗。
瀑布联句鉴赏
此诗的作者是一位皇帝和一位僧侣。据《庚溪诗话》，“唐宣宗微时，以武宗忌之，遁迹为僧。一日游方，遇黄檗禅师（按：据《佛祖统纪》应为香严闲禅师。因宣宗上庐山时黄檗在海昌，不可能联句）同行，因观瀑布。黄檗曰：‘我咏此得一联，而下韵不接。’宣宗曰：‘当为续成之。’（以下联句从略）其后宣宗竟践位，志先见于此诗矣。”可见，禅师作前两句，有暗射宣宗当时处境用意；宣宗续后两句，则寄寓不甘落寞、思有作为的情怀。这样一首托物言志的诗，描绘了冲决一切、气势磅礴的瀑布的艺术形象，富有激情，读来使人激奋，受到鼓舞，故也竟能为农民革命领袖冯云山所喜爱。艺术形象往往大于作者思想，这也是一个显例。
此诗的首句是瀑布的溯源。在深山之中，有无数不为人知的涓涓细流，腾石注涧，逐渐汇集为巨大山泉，在经历“千岩万壑”的艰险后，它终于到达崖前，“一落千丈”，形成壮观的瀑布。此句抓住瀑布形成的曲折过程，赋予无生命之物以活生生的性格。“不辞劳”三字有强烈拟人化色彩，充溢着赞美之情，可与《孟子》中一段名言共读：“天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，增益其所不能。”艰难能锤炼伟大的人格。此句似乎隐含这样的哲理。
近看巨大的瀑布，砯崖转石，跳珠倒溅，令人有“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”之感，却又不能窥见其“出处”。惟有从远处望去，“遥看瀑布挂前川”时，才知道它来自云烟缭绕的峰顶。第二句着重表现瀑布气象的高远，寓有人的凌云壮志，又含有慧眼识英雄的意味。“出处高”则取势远，暗逗后文“终归大海”之意。
写瀑布经历不凡和气象高远，刻画出其性格最突出的特征，同时酝足豪情，为后两句充分蓄势。第三句忽然说到“溪涧”，照应第一句的“千岩万壑”，在诗情上是小小的回旋。当山泉在岩壑中奔流，会有重重阻挠，似乎劝它留步，“何必奔冲下山去，更添波浪向人间”（白居易《白云泉》）。然而小小溪涧式的安乐并不能使它满足，它心向大海，不断开辟前程。惟其如此，它才能化为崖前瀑布，而且最终要东归大海。由于第三句的回旋，末句更有冲决的力量。“岂能”与“终归”前后呼应，表现出一往无前的信心和决心。“作波涛”三字语极形象，令人如睹恣肆浩瀚、白浪如山的海涛景象。从“留”、“归”等字可以体味结尾两句仍是人格化的，使人联想到弃燕雀之小志、慕鸿鹄以高翔的豪情壮怀。瀑布的性格至此得到完成。
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辛弃疾《
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水调歌头·白日射金阙》
李忱简介
唐代·李忱的简介
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唐宣宗李忱（810年冬月十二－859年），汉族，唐朝第十八位皇帝（847年—859年在位，未算武周政权），初名李怡，初封光王。武宗死后，以皇太叔为宦官马元贽等所立。在位13年。综观宣宗50年的人生，他曾经为祖宗基业做过不懈的努力，这无疑延缓了唐帝国走向衰败的大势，但是他又无法彻底扭转这一趋势。宣宗性明察沉断，用法无私，从谏如流，重惜官赏，恭谨节俭，惠爱民物，故大中之政，讫于唐亡，人思咏之，谓之小太宗。
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