《曹刿论战》翻译及注释
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先秦：左丘明
十年春，齐师伐我。公将战。曹刿请见。其乡人曰：“肉食者谋之，又何间焉？”刿曰：“肉食者鄙，未能远谋。”乃入见。问：“何以战？”公曰：“衣食所安，弗敢专也，必以分人。”对曰：“小惠未徧，民弗从也。”公曰：“牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。”对曰：“小信未孚，神弗福也。”公曰：“小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。”对曰：“忠之属也。可以一战。战则请从。”（徧同：遍)
译文： 鲁庄公十年的春天，齐国军队攻打我们鲁国。鲁庄公将要迎战。曹刿请求拜见鲁庄公。他的同乡说：“当权的人自会谋划这件事，你又何必参与呢？”曹刿说：“当权的人目光短浅，不能深谋远虑。”于是入朝去见鲁庄公。曹刿问：“您凭借什么作战？”鲁庄公说：“衣食（这一类）养生的东西，我从来不敢独自专有，一定把它们分给身边的大臣。”曹刿回答说：“这种小恩小惠不能遍及百姓，老百姓是不会顺从您的。”鲁庄公说：“祭祀用的猪牛羊和玉器、丝织品等祭品，我从来不敢虚报夸大数目，一定对上天说实话。”曹刿说：“小小信用，不能取得神灵的信任，神灵是不会保佑您的。”鲁庄公说：“大大小小的诉讼案件，即使不能一一明察，但我一定根据实情（合理裁决）。”曹刿回答说：“这才尽了本职一类的事，可以（凭借这个条件）打一仗。如果作战，请允许我跟随您一同去。”
注释： 曹刿：春秋时鲁国大夫。著名的军事理论家。十年：鲁庄公十年（公元前年）。齐师：齐国的军队。齐，在今山东省中部。师，军队。伐：攻打。我：指鲁国。《左传》根据鲁史而写，故称鲁国为“我”。公：诸侯的通称，这里指鲁庄公。肉食者：吃肉的人，指当权者。谋：谋议。间：参与。鄙：鄙陋，目光短浅。乃：于是，就。何以战：就是“以何战”，凭借什么作战？以，用，凭，靠。衣食所安，弗敢专也：衣食这类养生的东西，不敢独自享用。安：有“养”的意思。弗：不。专：独自专有，个人专有。必以分人：省略句，省略了"之"，完整的句子是“必以之分人”。一定把它分给别人。以，把。人：指鲁庄公身边的近臣或贵族。遍：一作“徧”，遍及，普遍。牺牲玉帛：古代祭祀用的祭品。牺牲，祭祀用的猪、牛、羊等。玉，玉器。帛，丝织品。加：虚报夸大。小信未孚：（这只是）小信用，未能让神灵信服。孚，使人信服。福：名词作动词，赐福，保佑。狱：（诉讼）案件。察：明察。情：实情。忠之属也：这是尽了职分（的事情）。忠，尽力做好分内的事。属，种类。可以一战：就是“可以之一战”，可以凭借这个条件打一仗。可，可以。以，凭借。战则请从：（如果）作战，请允许（我）跟从去。从：随行，跟从。
公与之乘，战于长勺。公将鼓之。刿曰：“未可。”齐人三鼓。刿曰：“可矣。”齐师败绩。公将驰之。刿曰：“未可。”下视其辙，登轼而望之，曰：“可矣。”遂逐齐师。
译文： 到了那一天，鲁庄公和曹刿同坐一辆战车，在长勺和齐军作战。鲁庄公将要下令击鼓进军。曹刿说：“现在不行。”等到齐军三次击鼓之后。曹刿说：“可以击鼓进军了。”齐军大败。鲁庄公又要下令驾车马追逐齐军。曹刿说：“还不行。”说完就下了战车，察看齐军车轮碾出的痕迹，又登上战车，扶着车前横木远望齐军的队形，这才说：“可以追击了。”于是追击齐军。
注释： 公与之乘：鲁庄公和他共坐一辆战车。之，指曹刿。长勺：鲁国地名，今山东莱芜东北。败绩：军队溃败。驰：驱车追赶。辙：车轮碾出的痕迹。轼：古代车厢前做扶手的横木。遂：于是，就。逐：追赶，这里指追击。
既克，公问其故。对曰：“夫战，勇气也。一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。彼竭我盈，故克之，夫大国，难测也，惧有伏焉。吾视其辙乱，望其旗靡，故逐之。”
译文： 打了胜仗后，鲁庄公问他取胜的原因。曹刿回答说：“作战，靠的是士气。第一次击鼓能够振作士兵们的士气。第二次击鼓士兵们的士气就开始低落了，第三次击鼓士兵们的士气就耗尽了。他们的士气已经消失而我军的士气正旺盛，所以才战胜了他们。像齐国这样的大国，他们的情况是难以推测的，怕他们在那里设有伏兵。后来我看到他们的车轮的痕迹混乱了，望见他们的旗帜倒下了，所以下令追击他们。”
注释： 既克：已经战胜。既，已经。夫战，勇气也：作战，（是靠）敢作敢为毫不畏惧的气概。夫，放在句首，表示将发议论，没有实际意义。一鼓作气：第一次击鼓能振作士气。作，振作。再：第二次。三：第三次。彼竭我盈：他们的勇气已尽，我们的勇气正盛。彼，代词，指齐军方面。盈，充沛，饱满，这里指士气旺盛。难测：难以推测。测，推测，估计。伏：埋伏。靡：倒下。曹刿论战：选自《左传·庄公十年》。题目是（教材编写者）后加的。
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陶渊明《
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桃花源记》
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刘向 撰《
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邹忌讽齐王纳谏》
左丘明简介
唐代·左丘明的简介
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丘明（姓姜，氏丘，名明），华夏人，生于前502年，死于前422年，享年80岁。丘穆公吕印的后代。本名丘明，因其先祖曾任楚国的左史官，故在姓前添“左”字，故称左史官丘明先生，世称“左丘明”，后为鲁国太史 。左氏世为鲁国太史，至丘明则约与孔子（前551-479）同时，而年辈稍晚。他是当时著名史家、学者与思想家，著有《春秋左氏传》、《国语》等。他左丘明的最重要贡献在于其所著《春秋左氏传》与《国语》二书。左氏家族世为太史，左丘明又与孔子一起“如周，观书于周史”，故熟悉诸国史事，并深刻理解孔子思想。