《活板》翻译及注释
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宋代：沈括
板印书籍，唐人尚未盛为之。五代时始印五经，已后典籍皆为板本。
译文： 用雕板印刷书籍，唐朝人还没有大规模地这么做。五代时才（用雕版）印刷五经，以后的经典文献就都是雕版印刷的本子了。
注释： 板印书籍：用雕版印刷书籍。板印，用雕版印刷。盛为之：大规模地做这种事。之，指“板印书籍”。已后：即“以后”。已，同“以”。五代：指唐以后的后梁、后唐、后晋、后汉、后周等五个朝代。始，才。五经：儒学的经典，指《易经》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《礼记》、《春秋》。汉后合称《五经》。典籍：泛指各种重要（文献）书籍。板本：板印的本子。
庆历中有布衣毕昇，又为活板。其法：用胶泥刻字，薄如钱唇，每字为一印，火烧令坚。先设一铁板，其上以松脂、蜡和纸灰之类冒之。欲印，则以一铁范置铁板上，乃密布字印，满铁范为一板，持就火炀之，药稍熔，则以一平板按其面，则字平如砥。若止印三二本，未为简易；若印数十百千本，则极为神速。常作二铁板，一板印刷，一板已自布字，此印者才毕，则第二板已具，更互用之，瞬息可就。每一字皆有数印，如“之”“也”等字，每字有二十余印，以备一板内有重复者。不用，则以纸帖之，每韵为一帖，木格贮之。有奇字素无备者，旋刻之，以草火烧，瞬息可成。不以木为之者，文理有疏密，沾水则高下不平，兼与药相粘，不可取；不若燔土，用讫再火令药熔，以手拂之，其印自落，殊不沾污。
译文： 宋朝庆历年间，有个叫毕昇的平民，又发明了活字版印刷。它的方法是：用黏土刻字，字模薄得像铜钱边缘似的，每个字刻一个字模，用火烧使它坚硬。先设置一块铁板，在它的上面用松脂、蜡混合着纸灰这一类东西覆盖好。想要印刷，就把一个铁框子放在铁板上面，于是在铁框内密密地排上字模，排满了一铁框就成为一块印版，把它拿到火上烘烤；待铁板上的药物稍稍熔化，就用一块平板按在字模上面，那么所有排在板上的字模就像磨刀石那样平。如果只印两三本，不能算是简便；如果印几十乃至成百上千本，那就极其快速。通常是做两块铁板，这一块在印刷，那一块已另外在排字了，这块印刷才完，第二块板已经准备好了，两块相互交替使用，很短的时间就能完成。每一个字都有好几个印模，像“之”、“也”等字，每个字有二十多个印模，用来准备同一版内有重复的字。不用时，就用纸条给它们作标志，按照字的韵部分类每个韵部做一个标签，用木格子把它们贮存起来。遇到平时没有准备的生僻字，随即刻制，用草烧火烘烤，很快就能制成功。不用木料制作字模的原因，是因为木的纹理有疏有密，一沾水就会变得高低不平，再加上木刻的字会和药物粘在一起，拆板时拿不下来，不像用胶泥烧制的字模，印完后再用火一烤，使药物熔化，用手轻轻一掸，那些字模就会自己掉下来，一点也不会被药物弄脏。
注释： 庆历：宋仁宗年号（1041—1048）。布衣：平民。这里指没有做官的读书人。古代平民穿麻布衣服，所以称布衣。其：其，代词。做活板的方法。钱唇：铜钱的边缘。印：印模、字印。令坚：使……坚硬。和：混合。以：用。冒：蒙、盖。欲：想。范：框子。持就火炀之：把它拿到火上烤。就，靠近。炀，烤。药：指上文说的松脂、蜡等物。字平如砥：字印像磨刀石那样平。砥：磨刀石。止：同“只”，仅仅。未为简易：不能算是简便。数十百千：几十乃至百、千。自：别自，另外。具：准备好。更互：交替、轮流。以：用来。以纸帖之：用纸条给它做标记。帖，用标签标出。每韵为一帖，木格贮之：每一个韵部的字做一个标签，用木格子把它存放起来。韵，指韵部。帖，标签，名词。唐宋时，人们按照诗歌押韵的规律，把汉字分为206韵，后来又合并为106韵。奇字：写法特殊，或生僻、不常用的字。旋：旋即。不以木为之者：不用木头刻活字的原因。文理：纹理，质地。文通“纹”，花纹。兼：又。不可取：拿不下来。燔土：指火烧过的黏土字印。燔：烧。讫：终了，完毕。拂：擦拭，掸去。殊不：一点也不。
昇死，其印为予群从所得，至今保藏。
译文： 毕昇死后，他的字模被我的堂兄弟和侄儿们得到，到今天还珍贵地收藏着。
注释： 予：我。群从：堂兄弟及侄子辈。
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杜甫《
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醉时歌》
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杜甫《
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又观打鱼》
沈括简介
唐代·沈括的简介
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沈括（公元1031～1095年），字存中，号梦溪丈人，北宋浙江杭州钱塘县（今浙江杭州）人，汉族。北宋科学家、政治家。仁宗嘉佑进士，后任翰林学士。晚年在镇江梦溪园撰写了《梦溪笔谈》。我国历史上最卓越的科学家之一。精通天文、数学、物理学、化学、地质学、气象学、地理学、农学和医学、工程师、外交家。